Changes between Version 47 and Version 48 of Other/Summer/2024/signal
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- Aug 6, 2024, 6:38:50 PM (4 months ago)
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Other/Summer/2024/signal
v47 v48 1 1 = Signal Avoidance Using 5G = 2 **WINLAB Summer Internship 2024** //2 **WINLAB Summer Internship 2024** 3 3 4 **Advisors:** Dr. Predrag Spasojevic //4 **Advisors:** Dr. Predrag Spasojevic 5 5 6 **Group Members:** Wesley Chen //6 **Group Members:** Wesley Chen 7 7 8 8 == Overview 9 **Problem:** //9 **Problem:** 10 10 11 In recent years, there has been a desire to expand the bandwidth of communication standards such as LTE and 5G. However, at many of the bandwidths that are desired to be used, there exist legacy signals that cannot be interfered with. This is made even more difficult by Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI), when signals with very close, but distinct frequencies still impede each other. //11 In recent years, there has been a desire to expand the bandwidth of communication standards such as LTE and 5G. However, at many of the bandwidths that are desired to be used, there exist legacy signals that cannot be interfered with. This is made even more difficult by Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI), when signals with very close, but distinct frequencies still impede each other. 12 12 13 **Goal:** //13 **Goal:** 14 14 15 Build the framework to test signal avoidance. //15 Build the framework to test signal avoidance. 16 16 17 17 == Devices 18 **Rhode & Schwarz SMW200A** //18 **Rhode & Schwarz SMW200A** 19 19 20 The Rhode & Schwarz SMW200A is a vector signal generator with the ability to output signals from 100kHz to 40GHz with a 50 ohm impedance. The SMW200A has the ability to modulate a carrier signal with an arbitrary waveform (.wv file). For the extent of this project, this waveform was generated in python on a personal computer and uploaded to the machine via the ftp protocol. //20 The Rhode & Schwarz SMW200A is a vector signal generator with the ability to output signals from 100kHz to 40GHz with a 50 ohm impedance. The SMW200A has the ability to modulate a carrier signal with an arbitrary waveform (.wv file). For the extent of this project, this waveform was generated in python on a personal computer and uploaded to the machine via the ftp protocol. 21 21 22 **Rhode & Schwarz RTO 6 series** //22 **Rhode & Schwarz RTO 6 series** 23 23 24 The Rhode & Schwarz RTO 6 series is an oscilloscope with the ability to read signals up to 6GHz and a sample rate of 20 giga-samples per second, although when downloading files from the machine, they are unconverted to 100 giga-samples per second. The RTO has built in mathematical functions such as FFTs to display the frequency domain on the machine. Additionally, as hinted earlier, the RTO can save waveforms in a .csv file which can be downloaded through network (the RTO operates as a windows machine). This file can be analyzed on a personal computer. //24 The Rhode & Schwarz RTO 6 series is an oscilloscope with the ability to read signals up to 6GHz and a sample rate of 20 giga-samples per second, although when downloading files from the machine, they are unconverted to 100 giga-samples per second. The RTO has built in mathematical functions such as FFTs to display the frequency domain on the machine. Additionally, as hinted earlier, the RTO can save waveforms in a .csv file which can be downloaded through network (the RTO operates as a windows machine). This file can be analyzed on a personal computer. 25 25 26 [[Image(IMG_3524.JPG, 200px)]] //26 [[Image(IMG_3524.JPG, 200px)]] 27 27 28 Top: RTO 6 series, Bottom: SMW200A //28 Top: RTO 6 series, Bottom: SMW200A 29 29 30 30 == Concepts 31 **What is a Signal?** //31 **What is a Signal?** 32 32 33 Undoubtedly, you have seen audio signals like the one shown below. In fact, Audio and Radio have many links to each other and the audio signal below could very well have been a radio signal. //33 Undoubtedly, you have seen audio signals like the one shown below. In fact, Audio and Radio have many links to each other and the audio signal below could very well have been a radio signal. 34 34 35 35 [[Image(Screen Shot 2024-08-06 at 10.32.22 AM.png, 200px)]] … … 43 43 **Frequency Domain** 44 44 45 <h1 style="font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 5px;"> 46 Modulation 47 </h1> 45 Because every signal is composed of sine waves of varying frequency and phase, we can actually represent the signals in terms of the frequencies and phases of those sine waves. This is called the Frequency Domain and is an equivalent representation for any signal. Below and left is a square wave in the time domain and to the right is the same signal in the frequency domain. 46 47 [[Image()]] 48 49 The conversion from time domain to the frequency domain occurs by multiplying each possible frequency sine wave with the signal and integrating over 1 period. This gives the magnitude of that frequency in the signal. In reality, an algorithm call Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to do this multiplication and integration much quicker. FFT is a divide and conquer algorithm that makes use of complex number properties. 50 51 [[Image()]] 52 53 **Complex Signals** 54 55 Speaking of complex number properties, signals can also be represented as complex numbers. While we may think of signals as up and down waves, shown left. In reality, signals can be complex 3 dimensional patterns, shown right. 56 57 [[Image()]] 58 [[Image()]] 59 60 The axis going into the page is the time and the vertical / horizontal axis are the phase and amplitude respectively. There are many other ways to think about these axis as well including the coefficients of sine and cosine waves and most notably real and imaginary numbers. This representation gives rise to a new way to represent the signal algebraically as well. S(t) = I(t) + Q(t)i, where S(t) is the signal, I(t) is the real component, Q(t) is the imaginary component and i is the imaginary number sqrt(-1). This imaginary number representation is advantageous in making the math in later stages much simpler. 61 62 [[Image()]] 63 64 The complex signal representation also leads to something known as IQ plots, shown above. This is simply a plot of all points (I(t), Q(t)), placing I(t) on the horizontal/real axis and Q(t) on the vertical/imaginary axis. This graph can also be created by observing the 3 dimensional graph from the front face. 65 66 **Modulation** 48 67 49 68 <h1 style="font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 5px;">
