Using FPGAs for Spectrum Sensing and Modulation Recognition

Project Objective

This project seeks to use machine learning to recognize different wireless devices. The project will use software defined radios (SDR) to record various devices, such as iphones, bluetooth earbuds, and Wifi laptops. These recordings will become the training data to a set of neural networks. The second part of the project will quantify the accuracy of the neural networks in classifying various device types based on their RF signatures.

Who We Are

Ryan Davis Class of 2021 Rutgers University Computer Engineering and Computer Science

Zhuohuan Li Class of 2020 Rutgers University Computer Engineering

Sid Mandayam Class of 2022 Rutgers University Computer Science and Mathematics

Jacob Morin Class of 2021 Pingry High School

Reading Material

• ​Overview of FPGA architecture (especially for Xilinx devices), and comparison between FPGA and CPU
• ​Overview of I/Q Communication Theory
• ​Artificial WiFi Packet Generation
• ​Matched Filter Demodulation

Week 1 Activities

• Get ORBIT/COSMOS account and familiarize oneself with the testbed procedures
• Learn about FPGAs
• ​Presentation 1

Week 2 Activities

• Write a UDP client / server in Go
• Generate IQ samples for IEEE 802.11 WiFi packets
• ​Presentation 2

Week 3 Activities

• Rework UDP client / server to work with Go to Verilog compiler
• Transmit and receive generated WiFi packets using the USRPs on the Grid
• ​Presentation 3

Week 4 Activities

• Automate data collection on the Grid
• Learn more about Go lang
• ​Presentation 4

Week 5 Activities

• Begin looking in to matched filters
• Finish data collection on the Grid (a lot of debugging)
• ​Presentation 5

Week 6 Activities

• Matched Filters in MATLAB
• Collect data
• ​Presentation 6

Week 7 Activities

• Dataset documentation / Big metadata file
• Matched Filters in Go
• ​Presentation 7

Final Presentation

WiFi Packet Generation

% Ryan Davis

PAYLOAD = 1500;                                               % bytes
PATH = "";

for i = 0:7
   filename = "WiFi_802.11n_" + i + "MCS_int16.dat";
   ht = wlanHTConfig("MCS", i, "ChannelBandwidth", "CBW20");
   
   payload = randi([0 1], [1 PAYLOAD*8]);
   txSig = wlanWaveformGenerator(payload,ht);
   
   output_txSig = formatOutput(txSig);

   fid = fopen(PATH + filename, "w");
   fwrite(fid, output_txSig, "int16");
   fclose(fid);
end
clear;

function arr = formatOutput(txSig)
    arr = zeros(size(txSig)*2);
    j = 1;
    for i = 1:size(txSig)
        arr(j) = cast(real(txSig(i)), "int16"); 
        arr(j+1) = cast(imag(txSig(i)), "int16");
        j=j+2;
    end
end

Experiment Automation

# Ryan Davis
# Adapted from code by Ivan Seskar

Experiment.name = "Artificial_WiFi"
Experiment.project = "Artificial_WiFi"

consoleExec("omf tell -t all -a offh")
consoleExec("omf load -i usrpcal_2020-02-24.ndz -t node3-2,node3-19,node8-7,node8-14,node13-7,node13-14,node18-2,node18-19,node3-1,node3-20,node18-1,node18-20 -r 0")
consoleExec("omf tell -t node3-2,node3-19,node8-7,node8-14,node13-7,node13-14,node18-2,node18-19,node3-1,node3-20,node18-1,node18-20 -a on")

freqs = ["2412e6", "2437e6", "2462e6", "5180e6", "5240e6", "5745e6", "5825e6"]
mcss = ["0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7"]

topos = {"3" => [["node18-1", "node18-2"], ["node3-1", "node3-2"], ["node18-19", "node18-20"], ["node3-19", "node3-20"]],               # format:  dist => [["txnode_A", "rxnode_A"], ["txnode_B", "rxnode_B"] ... ]
         "15" => [["node13-7", "node8-7"], ["node13-14","node8-14"]],
         "45" => [["node18-1", "node3-1"], ["node18-2", "node3-2"], ["node18-19", "node3-19"], ["node18-20", "node3-20"]],
         "72" => [["node18-20", "node3-1"], ["node18-1", "node3-20"]] }

defApplication('tx', 'tx_samples_from_file') { |a|
  a.version(1, 0, 0)
  a.shortDescription = ""
  a.description = ""
  a.path = "export LC_ALL=C;/usr/local/lib/uhd/examples/tx_samples_from_file"
  a.defProperty('freq', "center frequency in Hz", '--freq',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('ant', "antenna to be used", '--subdev',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('rate', "baseband rate in Hz", '--rate',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('gain', "receiver gain in dB", '--gain',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('file', "reveived baseband waveform file name", '--file',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('type', "sample types", '--type',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('repeat', "continuously repeat", '--repeat',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
}

defApplication('rx', 'rx_samples_to_file') { |a|
  a.version(1, 0, 0)
  a.shortDescription = ""
  a.description = ""
  a.path = "export LC_ALL=C;/usr/local/lib/uhd/examples/rx_samples_to_file"
  a.defProperty('freq', "center frequency in Hz", '--freq',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('rate', "baseband rate in Hz", '--rate',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('gain', "receiver gain in dB", '--gain',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('nsamps', "number of samples", '--nsamps',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('file', "reveived baseband waveform file name", '--file',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('type', "sample types", '--type',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
  a.defProperty('discardtime', "time at which storing samples starts", '--discardtime',
                {:dynamic => false, :type => :string})
}

topos.each { |dist, topo|
    topo.each { |node_pair|
        freqs.each { |freq|
            mcss.each { |mcs|
                infilename = "WiFi_802.11n_"+mcs+"_int16.dat"
                exptag = dist+"ft_"+freq+"Hz_"+mcs+"MCS_"+node_pair[0]+","+node_pair[1]
                outfilename = "/root/rx_"+exptag+"_int16.dat"
                info("Setting up group for experiment: " + exptag)
                
                rxGroup = node_pair[1]+"@"+exptag
                txGroup = node_pair[0]+"@"+exptag
                
                defGroup(txGroup, node_pair[0]) { |n|
                    n.addApplication('tx') { |app|
                        app.setProperty('freq', freq)
                        app.setProperty('ant',  "A:0")
                        app.setProperty('gain', "30")
                        app.setProperty('type', "short")
                        app.setProperty('file', infilename)
                        app.setProperty('rate', "20e6")
                        app.setProperty('repeat'," ")
                    }
                }
                
                defGroup(rxGroup, node_pair[1]) { |n|
                    n.addApplication('rx') { |app|
                        app.setProperty('freq',freq)
                        app.setProperty('gain', "30")
                        app.setProperty('type',"short")
                        app.setProperty('nsamps',"40000000")
                        app.setProperty('file',outfilename)
                        app.setProperty('rate',"40e6")
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
trap("INT") {
  allGroups.stopApplications
  allGroups.exec("/usr/bin/pkill -9 -f rx_samples")
  allGroups.exec("/usr/bin/pkill -9 -f tx_samples")
  exit!
}

onEvent(:ALL_UP_AND_INSTALLED) { |event|
    # Wait for nodes to associate and give it an extra 5 sec just in case...
    sleep 5
    
    # scp IQ binary file to transmitters
    txfiles = "txfiles/WiFi*"
    topos.each { |dist, topo|
        topo.each { |node_pair|
            consoleExec("ssh root@" + node_pair[0] + " rm -f /root/*.dat")
            consoleExec("ssh root@" + node_pair[1] + " rm -f /root/*.dat")
        
            consoleExec("scp -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no " + txfiles + " root@"+node_pair[0]+":");
            consoleExec("scp -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no test.sh root@"+node_pair[0]+":");  # TODO temp for debugging
        }
    }
    
    topos.each { |dist, topo|
        topo.each { |node_pair|
            freqs.each { |freq|
                mcss.each { |mcs|
                    exptag = dist+"ft_"+freq+"Hz_"+mcs+"MCS_"+node_pair[0]+","+node_pair[1]
                    info ("\nStarting experiment:  " + exptag)
                    rxGroup = node_pair[1]+"@"+exptag
                    txGroup = node_pair[0]+"@"+exptag
                    
                    group(rxGroup).startApplications    # start receiver  (captures for 1 sec)
                    sleep 1                             # make sure we do not start transmitting before receiving
                    group(txGroup).startApplications    # start transmitter
                    
                    sleep 5 # wait for applications to hopefully finish
                    
                    group(txGroup).stopApplications
                    group(rxGroup).stopApplications
                    
                    outfilename = "/root/rx_"+exptag+"_int16.dat"
                    consoleExec("scp -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no root@" + node_pair[1] + ":" + outfilename + " /spare/spectrum/Artificial_WiFi/")  #copy recved data to archive
                    consoleExec("ssh root@" + node_pair[1] + " rm -f " +outfilename)
                }
            }
        }
    }
  
  allGroups.stopApplications
  Experiment.done
}